What is a personal property that permanently attaches to the land or improvements called?

A personal property that permanently attaches to the land or improvements is termed a fixture. This classification is vital in real estate because it indicates that the item has become an integral part of the property. Examples of fixtures include built-in appliances, light fixtures, and cabinetry, which, although initially personal property, have been affixed in such a way that their removal would cause damage to the property or significantly alter its use.

Understanding the concept of a fixture is crucial, especially when dealing with real estate transactions, as fixtures are typically included in the sale of a property. When a property is sold, any item that qualifies as a fixture remains part of the property, whereas personal property that is not affixed is excluded from the sale unless specified otherwise.

The other terms presented have distinct definitions that do not pertain to this specific situation. An appurtenance refers to a right or privilege that comes with the property but is not necessarily attached to it directly. An easement is a legal right to use another's land for a specified purpose, and an encroachment involves a situation where a building or structure extends beyond its property lines, potentially infringing on adjacent properties.